Florida's Redistricting News
(December 29, 2000-September 15, 2001)

 

 Miami Herald: "Web will allow open view of state's redistricting." September 15, 2001
 St. Petersburg Times: "Minorities Unheard in Redistricting, Lawmakers Say." September 9, 2001
 Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel: "Parties, Residents, Activists Press Ideas for New Voting Lines." September 7, 2001
 Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel: "Republicans want GOP-friendly district for state Senate." September 6, 2001
 Ft. Launderdale Sun-Sentinel: "Florida Legislators Prepare to Redraw Districts." September 2, 2001
 Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel: "Computer Program Helps Groups Shape S. Florida's Political Future." August 27, 2001
 Orlando Sun-Sentinel:  "Redrawing maps?  Let public see all."  August 27, 2001
 Orlando Sentinel Tribune: "Southwest Volusia Could Gain Clout." July 12, 2001
  Bulletin's Frontrunner: "Gulf Coast Republicans Prepare For Struggle Over Redistricting." July 12, 2001
 St. Petersburg Times: "Redrawing Districts not Pretty, but Needed." April 11, 2001
 St. Petersburg Times: "Redistricting Shouldn't Cause a Fight Here." April 9, 2001
 Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel: "State Growth, Diversity Raise Political Stakes." March 28, 2001
  Associated Press: "Redistricting is handy political tool."
March 25, 2001
 Orlando Sentinel Tribune: "You Could Help Redraw Election Districts." March 19, 2001
 Associated Press: "About 200,000 persons not counted by census in Florida." March 11, 2001
 PRNewswire: "Study Shows Minorities in Dade County Lost Political Representation When Corrected Census Data Was Not Released." January 19, 2001 
  Bradenton Herald: "Census Bureau Awards Lucky Florida Two More House Seats, Electoral Votes." December 29, 2000

More Recent Redistricting News from Florida

Miami Herald
Web will allow open view of state's redistricting
By Phil Long
September 15, 2001

Redistricting, that most political of all political decisions and one of those most often associated in the public's mind with deals brokered in smoke-filled back rooms, is about to be flashed across the Internet into the light of public scrutiny.

Buy from the state a $20 software package called FREDS 2000 -- short for Florida's Redistricting System -- and you can look over the shoulders of public officials as they create the maps and plans that will yield two new U.S. House seats for Florida and redefine countless state legislative districts. If you don't have a computer, public institutions such as libraries and community colleges will have the program, officials say.

Election redistricting is the once-a-decade process in which elected officials in each state redraw political boundaries based on the most recent Census figures. 

Some legislative committee meetings, which will be held before the Florida Legislature meets in January to redraw the districts, will be webcast live. Some legislative redistricting sessions will be televised. & Maps and proposals will be posted on the state's website within two hours after they are delivered to officials. Verbatim transcripts of debates will be available on the Internet as well.

The FREDS software, which will allow the public to see exactly the same thing legislators see as they remap the districts, can be ordered on the state's website at www.leg.state.fl.us/senateredistricting/ 

Though nothing will eliminate the secret political deal-making that is inherent in redistricting, experts say Florida's openness and access is unique in the nation.

``Florida is on the far edge of the envelope, clearly far beyond other states in making the process user-friendly and making available vast amounts of information to the public,'' said Tim Storey, redistricting analyst for the Denver-based National Conference of State Legislatures. ``The question is will people use it. It is still an esoteric process, hard for regular people to understand.''

State officials are excited about the project.

``This is a new phenomenon,'' said state Rep. Mario Diaz-Balart, the Miami Republican who chairs the House congressional redistricting committee. ``Because of the Internet, the public will have more access today than the members of the Legislature had 10 years ago.''

Though there were public hearings a decade ago, Diaz-Balart said, ``the plans were already drawn. It was almost like a sham.''

The Process

Every 10 years states are required to redistrict U.S. congressional and state legislative seats. Florida has grown by more than three million people, giving the state two new seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. And the new population will result in the need to redraw most of the 40 state senate and 120 state legislative boundaries.

In the state Legislature, Republicans hold 25 of the 40 Senate seats and 77 of the 120 House seats. The GOP also controls 15 of the 23 U.S. House seats from Florida, while Democrats occupy both U.S. Senate posts.

``A computer could easily draw the districts,'' said Sharon Wright, associate professor of political science and black studies at the University of Missouri. ``But it's not that simple . . . because of all the politics that goes into it. And much of the politics revolves around race.''

There is always competition between drawing perfectly aligned districts without regard to communities of interest and accommodating the need for districts that allow for minority representation, said Wright, a visiting political science professor at the University of Florida.

More Participation

``The more you open the process up, the more you allow participation, the better,'' said state Sen. Dan Webster, a Winter Garden Republican and chair of the Senate Redistricting Committee. ``If we plan to have an open process, it will be an open process.''

In 1991, the Democrat-controlled legislative leadership put the redistricting plan together, Webster said, and ``no one knew about it until the last night. We voted the final passage of that plan at 3:30 in the morning. We started debate at 12:01. That's not what I consider an open process. Only a day or two before we had even seen the plan.

``We have something that didn't exist 10 years ago,'' Webster said. ``We have the Internet. Everything is available on the Internet. You can get the software for $20. You put it in the computer and watch it develop. You can actually draw a plan and submit it.''

Democrats, though equally excited about the technology, worry that high-tech aside, there are fundamental issues that remain to be addressed.

There are not enough public hearings around the state and not enough evening meetings for working folks, said Sen. Nan Rich, D-Sunrise. & Even though 21 hearings are scheduled, added Sen. Ron Klein, D-Delray Beach, there will be none in seven of the state's 23 congressional districts. & Democratic Sen. Kendrick Meek of Miami-Dade said legislative members need to hold at least nine more hearings.

St. Petersburg Times
Minorities Unheard in Redistricting, Lawmakers Say
By Amy Wimmer
September 9, 2001

Norman C. Powell, a Fort Lauderdale lawyer who represents Florida's Democrats in the brewing battle over redistricting, had a message Saturday for a mostly black crowd gathered at the Enoch Davis Center.

The pendulum, Powell said, is swinging back. Decisions made since Florida reconfigured its legislative districts in 1992 will change how districts are drawn this year, undoing some of the progress African-Americans made in the last decade, Powell said.

"There is a marked difference between what was going on last time and what is going on this time," he said.

Powell was invited to St. Petersburg by state Sen. Lesley "Les" Miller Jr., D-Tampa, and state Rep. Frank Peterman Jr., D-St. Petersburg, both black legislators who complained that the Legislature's Joint Committee on Redistricting held its only Pinellas meeting in Clearwater, far from the county's largest minority population.

The legislators invited St. Petersburg residents to the Saturday morning forum, an unofficial gathering to motivate people to care about redistricting and urge them to demand the state bring its redistricting committee to St. Petersburg for a hearing.

"I just thought St. Petersburg was neglected," Miller said. "Pinellas County is a huge county, and to have the hearing in north Pinellas County is basically saying, 'South Pinellas County, forget you.' "

Persuading people to care about redistricting, that once-a-decade constitutional requirement triggered by the federal government's release of new census numbers, is a tough sell.

The issue is particularly important this year, Powell said. In the early 1990s, lawmakers configured the districts to maximize minority representation. For the first time since Reconstruction, African- Americans and Hispanics were sent to the Legislature in large numbers.

"Back in 1992, minorities were riding high in terms of redistricting," Powell said. "For the first time in cities and on school boards, we saw faces that were representative of the community."

Florida courts ultimately ruled that districts should not be divided based only on race. Some districts that were created to ensure election of an African-American or Hispanic were reconfigured.

Miller encouraged the residents to spread the word. One woman at the meeting, Maria Scruggs-Weston, said she planned to circulate a petition urging a redistricting hearing in St. Petersburg. But she wished those who showed up Saturday had formed a committee to work on the issue.

"This really has an impact on our representation," she said.

Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel
Parties, Residents, Activists Press Ideas for New Voting Lines
By Jennifer Peltz
September 7, 2001

If the conventional wisdom is that democracy is like sausage -- if you like it, you don't want to see how it's made -- then the approximately 60 people who spoke to state lawmakers at the South County Civic Center on Thursday are the unconventional ones.

They're the ones who want to help make the sausage.

In a political atmosphere still charged from the 2000 election, an estimated 300 people turned out for Thursday's public hearing west of Delray Beach on redistricting -- redrawing the districts that elect members of Congress, state representatives and state senators. A similar hearing Wednesday in West Palm Beach drew about 200 people.

They were politicians, former candidates and potential candidates such as Jack Merkl, a Boca Raton Republican who's thinking of running for Democrat Robert Wexler's congressional seat and would like to see the district redrawn to become "more competitive" for Republicans.

There were political club members looking out for their parties' interests and neighborhood association representatives pleading for their subdivisions not to be split among districts. There were community activists who let it be known that members of racial and ethnic minorities wanted their presence to be felt in the new districts.

And there were just plain political observers such as Mitch Mannin of Greenacres, whose family has been watching Florida's politics unfold for four generations. One of his ancestors was elected to the state Legislature from north Florida in the late 1800s, and he himself ran for a legislative seat in 1980.

In the wake of the disputed election, he told legislators Thursday, "You now have a sense of community, and the people are out.

"Are we going to follow the tradition of protecting sacred cows [in redistricting], or are we going to try to develop the principle of one man, one vote? We'll be watching."

This week's meetings were intended to gather public input before legislators officially begin redrawing the districts to reflect population shifts. The legislators didn't take questions or discuss the public comments.

"I'm here to get a perspective of what you would like to see," said Senate redistricting chief Daniel Webster, R-Winter Garden.

Because the legislators didn't have many details, neither did most of the speakers, many of whom clearly were frustrated that they couldn't get questions answered. Many pressed for more local hearings once proposals are made.

A few specific plans did surface. The Palm Beach County Republican Party proposed to carve a Republican-friendly state Senate district from the county's coastal areas.

Merkl suggested cutting the most heavily Democratic precincts out of Wexler's district and moving its southern boundary farther north in Broward County. He said the resulting district still would be predominantly Democratic, but less so than it is now.

And several residents of Wellington, The Acreage and other communities in the county's fast-growing central-west area called for districts of their own.

Otherwise, legislators mostly heard calls for more compact, Palm Beach County-centered districts.

Almost each one of Palm Beach County's cities is split among two or more state representatives, state senators or members of Congress, according to county Supervisor of Elections Theresa LePore. And many residents are represented by legislators whose base is elsewhere: Of the six state senators who represent parts of the county, only two live in Palm Beach County.

"We'd like to have our districts drawn so that people who represent us live with us," said John Bennett, the president of Progressive Residents of Delray, a watchdog group.

Jennifer Peltz can be reached at [email protected] or 561-243-6636.

Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel
Republicans want GOP-friendly district for state Senate
By Jennifer Peltz
September 6, 2001

Palm Beach County Republicans have local members in the state and U.S. House of Representatives, but not in the state Senate. Needless to say, county Republican chief Mary McCarty would like to change that.

To pave the way, she asked state legislators on Wednesday to consider drawing a Republican-friendly state Senate district along the county's coast.

Wednesday's meeting was intended to gather public input before state legislators officially start the once-a-decade duty of redrawing statehouse and congressional districts to reflect population shifts.

Another hearing is set for 6 p.m. today at the South County Civic Center at 16700 Jog Road in West Delray.

As legislators have yet to present any plans, Wednesday's session in West Palm Beach mostly brought general calls for more compact districts and more districts that are all or mostly in Palm Beach County.

And there was much talk of fairness, especially among Democrats alluding to a lingering sense of disenfranchisement from last year's presidential election.

But as McCarty reminded the legislators, equity is in the eye of the beholder. Democrats have controlled Florida's redistricting since Reconstruction -- but this time, Republicans are in charge.

In Palm Beach County, about 35 percent of registered voters are Republicans, while about 45 percent are Democrats.

Others belong to minority parties or are independents.

The county's coastal area already is represented by Republicans in the state Senate -- Ken Pruitt in the north, and Debby Sanderson in the south. But neither lives in the county.

While praising Pruitt and Sanderson, McCarty proposed to carve out a new coastal district, starting in the Palm Beach-West Palm Beach area and stretching as far north and south as necessary to amass the 400,000 people needed for a senate district.

Legislators didn't respond to any comments at Wednesday's hearing, saying they were there only to listen.

McCarty freely concedes her proposed district is designed to elect a Republican. But McCarty, a county commissioner since 1990, says she doesn't have anyone particular in mind -- and certainly not herself.

"I don't want to get on small planes and go to Tallahassee for the rest of my life," she explained.

Jennifer Peltz can be reached at [email protected] or 561-243-6636.

Ft. Launderdale Sun-Sentinel
Florida Legislators Prepare to Redraw Districts
By Linda Kleindienst
September 2, 2001

Take a political jigsaw, cut Florida into pieces and then reassemble the puzzle � but make sure each piece has roughly the same number of residents, minority communities aren�t cut in half and incumbents still have enough support to get elected.

That�s reapportionment, the Legislature�s once-a-decade task of redrawing political lines so that all Floridians get equal representation in the state House and Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives.

Preparing to tackle the job in January, state legislators are on the road this fall with a series of 20 hearings to give the public a say on how the new districts should be configured. The first South Florida hearings are scheduled this week in Palm Beach County. After the final hearing on Oct. 16 in Panama City, legislators will begin drawing the maps, which must be in place by July, when candidates file to run for office in the fall elections. As they piece together the maps, legislators will deal with mathematical challenges, personal ambition, ethnic feuds and political trench warfare.

�Every 10 years we have a knock-down, drag-out battle over how to draw the lines because when you draw the lines it basically sets in cement the political landscape for the next 10 years, until the next census,� said Susan MacManus, a political science professor at the University of South Florida.

Republicans, who have gained a majority in the House and Senate over the past five years, will redraw the boundaries to maximize their political power. Democrats hope to form coalitions in a bid to enhance their waning strength. *

Reapportionment is a technical but politically charged process that can turn friends into enemies while at the same time foster unexpected alliances. The end result can make or break political careers.

Those involved in the 1992 reapportionment likened it to a feeding frenzy. After all the lines had been drawn, then-state Sen. Lincoln Diaz-Balart of Miami � who went on to win a seat in Congress � described the process as �trading districts, trading plats, acting as if � in fact � we were piranhas devouring a live animal.�

What is reapportionment?

Once every 10 years, after the U.S. Census is completed, every state legislature must redraw political districts to reflect its state�s growing and shifting population. In Florida, new state House, state Senate and congressional districts must be drawn.

In order that every person in the state has an equal vote, districts must have equal � or nearly equal � populations.

The Florida constitution calls for at least 80 but no more than 120 seats in the state House. The Senate can have no fewer than 30 seats and no more than 40. Each chamber is now at its maximum.

Why is it important?

Virtually every public service � from roads to parks to schools � is shaped by politics and those who do the policy-making in Tallahassee and Washington. Who gets elected to the state Legislature and Congress is decided partly by how districts are drawn.

Since population dictates how many each state gets in the U.S. House of Representatives, Florida�s growth guarantees the state two new congressional seats in 2002, going from 23 to 25. One of those new seats will be anchored in South Florida with the other going to Central Florida.

Population shifts within the state will influence how the House and Senate lines are drawn. Most likely beneficiaries: the high-growth areas of Southwest Broward and South Palm Beach counties. Potential losers: counties like Miami-Dade, where several districts are smaller than the statewide average.�Very few citizens care about the process,� said Peter Wallace, a former House speaker from St. Petersburg who chaired the House Reapportionment Committee in 1992. �But this has tremendous impact on the patterns of representation. These are the building blocks of democracy.�

Going by the numbers

Florida had 12.94 million people in 1992. Today the state is teeming with 15.98 million residents. The growth has resulted in dramatic changes in existing districts.

In 1992, state House districts were drawn to have an average of 108,355 residents. The new districts should have an average of 133,186. Florida�s largest state House district, based in Weston and represented by Rep. Nan Rich, has a population of 231,542. The smallest House district, with a population of 103,428, is in Jacksonville, represented by E. Denise Lee.

Broward also has the largest state Senate district, again anchored in Weston. Represented by Sen. Debbie Wasserman Schultz, it has 518,416 residents � well over the 399,559 average that map-drawers will be aiming for.

U.S. Rep. Robert Wexler of Boca Raton has the largest congressional district in the state with a whopping population of 800,902. In 1992, congressional districts had an average of 562,519 residents. The average in 2002 will be 639,295.

How it works

After finishing its schedule of public hearings, the House and Senate Reapportionment Committees will begin drawing new district maps. When legislators agree on a final set of plans, they will go the state Supreme Court and the U.S. Justice Department for review. Each must approve the plans or send them back for more work. The congressional map, which can be vetoed by the governor, must also get Justice Department approval.

Florida is one of 16 states that must get federal �pre-clearance� because there has been documented discrimination based on race or language. In 1972, Florida was put on the list because five counties � Collier, Hardee, Hendry, Hillsborough and Monroe � used English language ballots for non-English speaking voters.

Legislative leaders hope to complete the maps during the regular 60-day legislative session so they do not have to go back into special session to finish the work. But that may be wishful thinking. Indeed, it�s unlikely they will finish this most political of duties as well as grapple with a looming budget crisis and handle a normal slate of bills in just 60 days.

In 1992, the Legislature gave up on a congressional map when the House and Senate couldn�t reach agreement, partly because there was no consensus on how many districts should be dominated by Hispanic and black voters. A three-judge federal panel drew the state�s new congressional districts within a couple of months.

After some tinkering by the Florida Supreme Court the legislative districts were in place by the time of July candidate filing. Florida was one of the last states to complete the process.

Still, it could have been worse. The longest reapportionment session in state history: 520 days in 1955-56.

Winners and losers

In 1992, black and Hispanic voters were the biggest winners in Florida�s reapportionment battle.

Legislators worked to draw districts that would maximize minority voting, a prime example being the state Senate district now represented by Mandy Dawson, D-Fort Lauderdale. Senate District 30 is a sliver that hugs Interstate 95 as it slices through Broward and Palm Beach County to pick up pockets of black voters.

In the 1992 elections, Florida elected its first black members to Congress since Reconstruction. They included Fort Lauderdale U.S. Rep. Alcee Hastings, Miami U.S. Rep. Carrie Meek and Jacksonville Rep. Corrine Brown, all Democrats.

Black and Hispanic voters also picked up representation in both chambers of the Legislature.

In 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that race can no longer be a dominant factor in drawing new political boundaries, but Florida�s minorities are not expected to lose any ground.

As legislators prepare for the redistricting battle, term limits insure that many House members will be looking to draw Senate districts; some legislators will turn an eye toward a Congressional seat.

Rep. Johnnie Byrd, R-Plant City, chairman of the House Procedural and Redistricting Council calls reapportionment �a real mixture of politics, law and common sense.�

But Sen. Ken Pruitt warns that what voters see might not be the prettiest picture of the Florida Legislature.

�It brings out the worst in people,� said Pruitt, R-Port St. Lucie. �Forget about being Democrat or Republican. You�re going to see a lot of individual contractors out there.�

Linda Kleindienst can be reached at [email protected] or 850-224-6214.

Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel
Computer Program Helps Groups Shape S. Florida's Political Future
By Jennifer Peltz
August 27, 2001

At 3 a.m. on a computer screen in a west Lake Worth office one recent night, a group of private citizens quietly reshaped the politics of West Palm Beach.

The mechanics weren�t much harder than online shopping.

Hispanic, Haitian and Jewish leaders amassed a district by clicking on various blocks. A computer in a national Hispanic group�s Chicago headquarters, equipped with an expensive mapping program, followed the group�s moves via the Internet to provide a running tally of the district�s residents, including their races and ethnicities.

The group emerged with the potential first Hispanic-majority West Palm Beach commission district, their suggestion for retooling political power in a city where almost one in every five residents is Hispanic, but no Hispanic has held any of the five commission seats.

It was, literally, a graphic demonstration that �our community�s not going to sit back and let things happen,� said the group�s leader, Henry Salda�a.

Community groups across the state and country are taking advantage of technology to participate in this decade�s redrawing of the districts from which congressional, state and many local representatives are elected.

In Miami, newly active non-Cuban Hispanic groups hope their maps and statistics will help them win a bigger role on a Cuban-dominated political stage. In Fort Lauderdale, a county planner-turned-political scientist plans to use mapping programs to explore the potential connections between how districts are drawn and how � and whether � people vote.

And in Tampa, Hispanic leaders consider their redistricting maps an investment in building political capital, even if they can�t draw a predominantly Hispanic district now.

�Suddenly the average citizen, with a little bit of work and a little bit of knowledge, can level the playing field and be an active participant [in redistricting] instead of a spectator,� says Douglas Adkins, who heads a Republican redistricting group in rural Nassau County, on the Georgia border north of Jacksonville. The group is using computer mapping to flex Republican muscle in the area�s redistricting, historically controlled by Democrats.

By law, congressional and state legislative districts must be redrawn every 10 years to reflect population shifts. Florida�s process is just beginning, with public meetings scheduled around the state this summer and fall. Many local governments also are due for redistricting.

Many minority groups see the district lines as routes to electing one of their own, or at least making sure their numbers are concentrated enough to get candidates� attention.

During Florida�s last round of state and federal redistricting in the early 1990s, computer mapping was inaccessible to most of the public.

Now, many personal computers can handle mapping programs, though the four-figure price tags on most software remain too expensive for many small groups. But national minority- and voting-rights organizations are making software and expertise available to community groups, and the state of Florida is selling its own mapping program for $20.

�We�re not just saying, �We want empowerment.� We�re saying, � explains Rafael Morel, �Here�s an example of how we want that empowerment,� member of Miami-Dade County�s Latin American Voters League. The group is drawing congressional districts online with help from the Texas-based Southwest Voter Registration Education Project, one of several national organizations offering similar services to community groups in Florida.

The U.S. Hispanic Leadership Institute is working with Hispanic leaders in Tampa and Orlando, as well as with Salda�a�s group in Palm Beach County. The Southern Regional Council, an Atlanta civil-rights group that helped the Fort Lauderdale NAACP and others draw Broward County Commission districts last year, now is helping an NAACP branch in North Florida.

And the state�s own redistricting software has its share of takers � from Albert Pacer, a former Broward County planner now studying for a doctorate in political science, to Nathan Epps, a state juvenile justice researcher who�s just �politically curious.�

But while computer mapping holds out the promise of unprecedented public participation in redistricting, it remains to be seen how much public opinion will matter as politicians and parties wrestle to protect their interests.

At least, Salda�a says, �It gives us a better understanding of [legislators�] actual interest � whether they�re actually interested in the constituency, or whether they�re interested in politics.�

Jennifer Peltz can be reached at [email protected] or 561-243-6636.

Orlando Sun-Sentinel
Redrawing maps? Let public see all
By Dick Batchelor 
August 27, 2001

Make no mistake about it -- reapportionment is about raw power and the use of that power to draw districts to protect political influence.

I attended an interesting meeting of the joint House/Senate reapportionment committees recently. It was one of about 17 hearings that will be held throughout Florida to gain input about where all the new lines dividing legislative and congressional districts should fall. Although the meeting was well-attended, with more than 100 people signing up to testify, it is unfortunate that, in the end, little of the public's testimony will be consequential to the final outcome of the redrawn political districts.

Don't get me wrong -- it is good that these legislators are having statewide hearings -- and they'll hear essentially the same themes that were clearly expressed by local citizens at the Orlando hearing. People want to have influence with elected officials.

There are a number of guidelines for reapportionment, which include not deviating more than 5 percent on district make-up, compactness and communities of interest. And although race cannot be the pivotal consideration in drawing districts, partisanship is an accepted criterion by the courts. However, legislators have their own very clear, unmistakable criteria that are often in conflict with what the citizens want.

Reapportionment (or redistricting) is a blood sport, and it won't be pretty. The legislators' first priority is to draw a political district in which they can be elected or re-elected.

Second, legislators will draw districts to ensure that the party in power remains in power -- in this case to ensure that districts are drawn in such a way that more Republicans will be elected to the state House and Senate as well as the U.S. Congress. This is not a partisan commentary, because it was done this way during Democratic control, as I witnessed as an alternate member of the House Reapportionment Committee in 1980.

The next priority is for legislators to draw districts that can best ensure that their colleagues who are seeking higher office -- either going from the Florida House to the state Senate or running for the U.S. Congress -- are offered a seat that best guarantees their election. For instance, the Republicans are proposing a congressional district stretching from Miami to Fort Myers to accommodate a Republican colleague. In Central Florida, Speaker of the House Tom Feeney will have extraordinary influence to draw a congressional district for himself. If his goal is in conflict with Republican U.S. Rep. Ric Keller, or Democratic U.S. Rep. Corrine Brown -- so be it.

So, for the public to have real influence in the reapportionment process, there are a couple of meaningful things that must take place.

First, the reapportionment committees should immediately release to the public any proposed reapportionment maps. I can assure you that all legislators and members of Congress have drawn what they believe are districts that would allow them to stay in office or get elected in a new district. Each and every map that is submitted -- whether by an individual legislator, a committee or a special-interest group -- should be posted immediately on the committee's Web site. This would allow the public to see who is trying to draw districts and the effect of such recommendations on their particular interest at the local levels.

Second, when the committee prepares the draft maps, they should be made public immediately. In addition, the reapportionment committees should then hold another 17 hearings throughout the state to allow citizens to react specifically to their detailed maps as opposed to just responding to general concepts.

Finally, it is up to everyone who has an interest as to how it will affect his or her community to be as vocal as necessary.

Oftentimes when you're an advocate in the Legislature, protocol dictates that you politely approach legislators and offer testimony, as was the case at the recent Orlando hearing. If you are then denied access to what is public record, then your advocacy should be even more assertive and, if necessary, demanding.

Any legislator involved in reapportionment needs to understand that it cannot be done in isolation. One must take into consideration what the voters want and, in the end, if legislators are involved in drawing a district to suit their needs at the expense of the community's needs, they need to understand that they will be held accountable at the polls.

This is the only way that members of the public will ensure that they really are at the table, helping to make the decisions that affect them.

The author is president of Dick Batchelor Management Group. He is a former state legislator and is active in the Democratic Party.

Orlando Sentinel Tribune
Southwest Volusia Could Gain Clout; A Redistricting Panel also put Deland and Port Orange in Separate Districts.
By Purvette A. Bryant
July 12, 2001

In a surprising move, a redistricting committee voted to recommend a major power shift to burgeoning southwest Volusia and to split DeLand and Port Orange into two districts.

The committee, formed to redraw political lines to reflect the county's population growth, chose boundary lines that would give southwest Volusia two elected representatives on the County Council.

Add the two at-large members and the region will have the ear of four of the seven members.

Every 10 years governments nationwide are required to redraw their political lines to match growth. Volusia must comply by dividing the county into five equal County Council and School Board districts. The County Council will take a final vote Aug. 2. The School Board may consider the matter at its July 30 meeting.

Deltona Mayor John Masiarczyk said the committee's recommendation is a plus for citizens in southwest Volusia.

"Hot dog!" Masiarczyk said when he learned the news late Wednesday. "I like it! I'm happy! West Volusia is finally achieving some recognition. It's grown down here and representation should be where the growth is . . . Anytime you get a stronger voice and more representation it helps."

Some politicians such as Councilman Big John and Councilman Frank Bruno were shocked at the vote. John, who voted for a district proposal that would keep DeBary and Deltona in one district, said splitting DeLand between two districts essentially dilutes power from the county seat.

And some Port Orange residents had argued that splitting the city into two would lump the south part of town with New Smyrna Beach, which it has less in common with than the current district that includes Daytona Beach.

John and School Board Member Earl McCrary, who also voted to keep DeBary and Deltona as one, subsequently went along with the final vote.

"Obviously the power is going to shift in southwest Volusia," John said after the redistricting committee. "DeLand is in a precarious situation. It puts two district representatives in southwest Volusia . . . The plot thickens and we'll see what happens in the next round."

McCrary said he is concerned that the proposal for the prevailing map was introduced late into the process and "didn't receive any public opinion."

When Bruno heard the news late Wednesday he yelled "holy mackerel!" He was relieved to find out that the recommendation does not divide the peninsula in his northeast district, which includes Ponce Inlet.

The committee's vote reflected a sparring over power among its own members. Pat Northey, an at-large council member who lives in southwest Volusia, voted for the power shift along with Judy Conte, of the Volusia County School Board; Ann Smith, of the League of Women Voters; and Blanca Hernandez, of the Volusia County Hispanic Association. John, an at-large-member, seemed surprised when Northey did not vote for a proposal that kept DeBary and Deltona as one.

After the meeting, Northey said she voted in the best interest of the people.

"We attempted to accommodate as much of the community as we could," Northey said. "This map best represents that. It fulfills the people's wishes the best." Conte said the winning proposal results from the community listening sessions and is "more of a consensus map."

Although the redistricting committee is comprised of seven members, only six were present at the final committee meeting. Cynthia Slater, a representative from the NAACP chapter in Daytona Beach, was out of town and could not attend.

Southwest Volusia has grown at a breakneck pace in the last decade as more metro Orlando residents have moved north for less expensive housing and to escape gridlock.

In the past decade, Deltona saw its population increase by about 37 percent to nearly 70,000 residents. That helped it surpass Daytona Beach as the largest city in the county, according to the most recent U.S. Census data.

DeBary, meanwhile, grew by 117 percent to nearly 16,000 residents, besting the county growth average of about 20 percent.

According to the recommended map, there would be roughly 88,669 people within the five districts. The map also preserves heavily populated minority communities and it does not reduce their voting influence among the districts.

The committee's selection also upholds two standing rules -- a district cannot be redrawn to exclude its representative or include two council members' residences in the same district.

County Council members and School Board members must vote on the matter before a Sept. 27 deadline.

The Bulletin's Frontrunner
Gulf Coast Republicans Prepare For Struggle Over Redistricting.
July 12, 2001

The Miami Herald (7/12, Lynch, Clark) reports, "Republicans on Florida's Gulf Coast are readying to battle their East Coast brethren over prime turf as public hearings begin in Tallahassee today in the months- long, politically explosive task of redrawing congressional and legislative boundaries from Pensacola to Key West. In Naples, Republicans have forged an unlikely coalition with area Democrats to rebuff what they fear will be efforts by Miami-Dade and Broward Republicans to shore up Republican-held, Democratic-leaning districts by redrawing the maps to include staunch Republicans from the strongholds of Collier and Lee counties."

The Herald adds, "Rep. Porter Goss, the Republican congressman who represents the area, is not running for re-election and Southwest Florida Republicans fear the natural inclination of the party to protect its incumbents will lead map designers in the state Legislature to look westward in search of loyal Republicans -- particularly for the Broward-based US House seat held by Rep. Clay Shaw, who won narrowly in November." The Herald continues, "The potential tug-of-war within the GOP for congressional voters is just one of a host of contentious issues likely to arise as lawmakers kick off a series of public hearings today and begin drawing new political boundaries, part of the once-a-decade task of shaping legislative districts to conform with Census figures."



St. Petersburg Times
Redrawing Districts not Pretty, but Needed
April 11, 2001

It's early in the process, but not too early for the public to pay close attention to the upcoming debate about redrawing the boundaries for County Commission and School Board seats. Every 10 years, armed with new population figures provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, lawmakers from Washington to Brooksville begin the task of redrawing the districts from which public servants are elected. Without question, it is one of the most purely political undertakings in our country. Offensive and defensive strategies are dreamed up and carried out in back rooms to benefit political parties and controlling individuals, and then foisted on an unsuspecting public with little more than an "Oh, by the way" attitude. But even though the process is inherently flawed because of partisanship and self-preservation, redistricting is absolutely necessary.

The method could be improved, but it remains the best way to ensure diverse groups of voters are represented equally by elected officials who share their geography. Much will be written between now and the end of the year about the redistricting - and alleged gerrymandering - of congressional and state legislative districts. Most of those decisions will be made in places far away from Hernando County. But residents here can have direct influence over how local elected officials approach the task. Here's how: The School Board, which is logically non-partisan, is divided into five geographic districts. The same is true for the County Commission, except those officials are elected as Democrats and Republicans. The problem is that each board's districts are different. So, School Board District 1 is not identical to County Commission District 1, and so on.

That is confusing to voters and it costs taxpayers money because it requires drawing and maintaining separate precinct lines and voting maps. But the confusion and cost could be eliminated if the County Commission would follow the advice of Supervisor of Elections Annie Williams, who wants the boards' districts to be the same. In addition to making an abundance of common sense, Williams' proposal helps de-politicize the function of redistricting by making it more difficult for each board to establish boundaries that promote their candidacy or their political party. At the same time, it also makes it more difficult for them to undermine their political opponents. Redistricting must be complete by the end of this year, and the new lines will be in effect for the 2002 elections. The sooner the county commissioners move to make the boundaries uniform, the less likely it is they will be accused of putting their, or their political party's, interests above those of their constituents.



St. Petersburg Times
Redistricting Shouldn't Cause a Fight Here
By Jeffrey S. Solochek
April 9, 2001

New boundaries based on census figures must be drawn by Dec. 31. The county's elected officials say gerrymandering is unlikely. Every decade, with the census, comes the inevitable debate about how to redraw districts for elected national, state and local government seats. The jockeying has begun. Will state Senate President Pro Tem Ginny Brown-Waite get a Hernando County-centered congressional seat drawn for her? Will House Majority Leader Mike Fasano have a state Senate seat crafted for him? Even large counties, such as Hillsborough and Miami-Dade, have begun the delicate dance around how to design single-member county commission seats that balance their dense and diverse populations equitably.

But here in Hernando County, the power plays have not materialized. Few expect that they will. In fact, county commissioners and School Board members expressed surprise when reminded that, if their district populations have grown out of whack, they must complete their redistricting by Dec. 31. If any dispute surfaces, they said, it probably will center on Supervisor of Elections Annie Williams' suggestion that the commission and School Board adopt the same district boundaries. That idea faces a legal snag. The state prohibits local governments from drawing an incumbent out of his or her district; School Board members Jim Malcolm and Sandy Nicholson both live in County Commission District 2. "It's fine with me if they want to look at it, as long as they realize that if we change the School Board's (lines), we'll have to change the County Commission's, too," Nicholson said. Williams floated the notion, like her predecessor Ann Mau, as a way to reduce confusion among voters. "The thing of it is, (candidates) all run countywide, even though they represent a certain district," Williams said. "I just think it would be less confusing for the voters. They could remember they're in School Board District 1 and County Commission District 1." Such a move also would save the elections office time and money when it draws its precinct lines and voting maps, she said. "It'd just be easier for all concerned," Williams said.

The main reason for redrawing districts is to keep an even population balance in each district - within 5 percent. New census figures showed that at least one County Commission district has grown too large in comparison to the others, said David Miles of the county Planning Department. Those numbers, and not politics, should drive the decisions, School Board and County Commission members agreed. "Paranoia on a field of suspicion is so typical" in politics, Commissioner Mary Aiken said. But "figures don't lie. If rules are made to follow those figures, then we're going to have to abide by those." School Board member John Druzbick said he had one concern: The districts should have equal populations to ensure fair treatment of every resident. "I don't think it is (political) . . . unless there are certain people that are afraid someone will run against them," Commissioner Diane Rowden said.

That is what happened in 1995, when the commission redrew its boundaries to enlarge District 1, on the east side of the county. Commissioner Pat Novy decried the decision, claiming her adversaries on the commission conspired to encourage more people to run against her in 1996. (She won handily.) Two years earlier, Rowden's husband, Jay, accused the School Board of political games when it redrew boundaries. He claimed the board designed a district to protect member Bob Flato from a 1994 challenge. (Flato lost to Steve Galaydick.) Malcolm denied that politics played a role then, and he said they should not now. Gerrymandering might be commonplace in drawing state and national districts, he said, but it is unlikely to occur locally. That is especially true for the School Board, he said, because the job is non-partisan, and thus the parties will not have a vested interest.

Drawing commission seats should not create much infighting, either, Rowden said. "It's not like it's single-member districting. And if you get districted out, you can run in that district and move," she said, referring to a common practice in Hernando County. "If you really have your heart set on it, you can do it." Commissioners already get calls from residents who live outside their districts, Commissioner Betty Whitehouse said. "Hopefully, we're meeting the needs of everybody." She welcomed the idea of giving part of her mostly rural east-county district to another commissioner so she can share rural issues with a colleague. Because redistricting appears to have little controversy attached to it, County Planning Director Larry Jennings said, it should be accomplished quickly. He had no plans to begin drawing maps until the summer. "I don't see it as being a significant technical issue," he said. "I'll leave it to you to determine whether it's a significant political issue."



Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel
State Growth, Diversity Raise Political Stakes; Democrats Look to Benefit from Voter Shift
William E. Gibson and Rafel Lorente
March 28, 2001

The explosive growth of African-Americans as well as Puerto Ricans, Mexicans and other Hispanic residents will make Florida a highly competitive political battleground over the next decade, potentially boosting the prospects of Democratic candidates. The state's shifting demographics, reflected in census numbers released on Tuesday, already have arrested the Republican trend of recent decades and given Democrats a chance to hold their own in legislative, congressional and presidential elections. Just as last year's presidential campaign ended in a virtual tie in Florida, state elections of the near future likely will be close, hard-fought and decided on the margins, political and demographic analysts said on Tuesday.

The trends add up to a diverse and competitive electorate that neither party can take for granted, they said. "Florida will not as easily fall into the Republican column any more," predicted William Frey of the University of Michigan, one of the nation's most respected demographers. "A lot of black folks and non-Cuban minorities in the state should improve the Democratic prospects there and will probably swing both parties toward the center of things." The census found that Florida's population grew by about 3 million over the past 10 years and will give the state two new congressional seats. The number of Hispanic residents increased by 70.7 percent, from 1.57 million to 2.68 million, while blacks grew by 27.7 percent, from 1.8 million to 2.3 million, according to the Census Bureau. Hispanics now make up 16.8 percent of the state's population and blacks account for 14.6 percent -- meaning these two groups now represent almost a third of Florida. Much of the growth in Hispanic numbers has been in Central Florida, where communities of Puerto Ricans and Mexicans have settled. The state's numbers will trigger a redistricting process in Tallahassee, and parties will struggle to protect their office-holders and maximize their electoral prospects. Redrawing the lines Republicans today control state government, so they will reshape the boundaries of legislative and congressional districts.

Their attempts to draw the lines to boost their party, however, could be neutralized by a continuing stream of newcomers, including many without strong party loyalties. Redrawing district lines to help Republicans stay in power for the next 10 years could be difficult. Democrats faced the same difficulty 10 years ago. They controlled state government after the last census and tried to draw the lines to retain power despite a Republican trend. They utterly failed. By 1994, Republicans grabbed the majority of the state Senate; two years later, they took the state House. "A set of districts that look good in 2002 may look like crud in 2008," said Lance deHaven-Smith, associate director of the Florida Institute of Government at Florida State University. "It'll be a challenge for the Republicans to draw districts that protect them in the long haul." The kind of growth revealed by the census, particularly for minority populations, could spell trouble for Republicans, who historically have not done well among blacks or non-Cuban Hispanics. "The Democratic base is growing while the Republican base is remaining stable," deHaven-Smith said. "(The Republican) base that they had in the early '90s is no longer a winning coalition."

The shifting population does not necessarily mean a sudden shift of fortunes. The Republican coalition remains a powerful force, perhaps strong enough to dominate Florida's congressional delegation for some time. That Republican coalition combines Cuban-Americans in Miami with conservative transplants from the Midwest, who tend to move to Central and Southwest Florida. Conservative voters in the Panhandle and inland rural areas, many of them former Democrats, round out the Republican coalition. Democrats have seen their party erode despite an ongoing migration of Democratic transplants from the Northeast, many clustered in South Florida. But the latest numbers indicate the Republican realignment of the South, and of Florida, may have peaked. "The best way to describe Florida in contrast to other states is that it is exceptionally competitive. Either one of the major parties can win an election in Florida," said Earl Black, a political scientist at Rice University.

Balance of Power

The effect of the shifting numbers may be intense in South Florida, which has become a Democratic bastion. Veteran Republican U.S. Rep. E. Clay Shaw Jr., who represents a 92-mile strip of coastline from Jupiter to Miami Beach, barely won his last re-election. "It's the most Republican district I've ever had," Shaw said on Tuesday. "My last race indicates that if I were to leave, it would be a swing district that could go either way. You have to assume a good strong Democratic challenger could take the district." Even slight shifts in population can tip the balance of power. The census numbers offer clues of future political performance, based on the voting patterns of growing groups of residents. "Most of the demographics are going in the Democrats' favor," said Joe Feagin, professor of sociology at the University of Florida and author of 41 books on race and urban issues. "Puerto Rican and Mexican Floridians are pretty much Democratic voters, and black voters are overwhelmingly Democratic." "This is a wake-up call for Republicans," Feagin said. "They cannot just sit around and assume Florida will stay Republican. You saw it already in the last presidential election. A thousand-vote shift would have given it to Al Gore. If you get 500,000 more Latino voters, that's a serious problem for Republicans."

Difficult to predict

Some other observers see more conflicting trends in Florida's vast and complex growth patterns. While the minority population has exploded, new arrivals also include young and middle-aged white residents from northern states who reflect a range of political opinions. "The early trend of white migration to Florida was the stereotypical Northeastern white liberal, particularly in growing Jewish communities, who brought Democratic Party affiliations with them. But a new source of transplants are whites coming from more conservative areas in the upper Midwest and Plains," said Thomas Carsey, associate professor of political science at Florida State University. "The statewide races will remain competitive. The Republicans will maintain an advantage in the Legislature, in part because they get to draw the boundaries." Democrats, who have taken a beating in most recent election years, nevertheless have gained confidence from the census. "It's not really a Republican state, it's a conservative state," said David Beattie, pollster for Florida Democratic Sen. Bill Nelson. "Democrats can win here with the right candidate."

William E. Gibson can be reached at [email protected] or 202-824-8256. Rafael Lorente can be reached at [email protected] or 202-824-8225.

Associated Press
Redistricting is handy political tool

David Royse

March 25, 2001

One person, one vote. It's a fundamental ideal in a democracy.

 When Floridians decide how their tax dollars should be spent, what kind of growth should be allowed and what will be legal and illegal, every person is supposed to have equal representation in the process.

 That means each voting-age person -- whether they live in inner-city Tampa, the suburbs of Broward County or on a rural Panhandle farm -- should have the same number of representatives in Tallahassee and in Washington.

 But as Floridians will learn this week when new Census figures are released, people move. Some areas grow while others shrink. The character of those areas changes too, as new people move in and longtime residents leave.

 So every 10 years, the boundaries of districts are redrawn. It's intended to give every person equal footing in the halls of government.

 "It's the most fundamental part of what we do in our democracy," said George Meier, who was the top staff person on redistricting in the House the last time it was done in 1992, and now works as a consultant helping other states with the task.

 "Equal opportunity. That's what it's really all about." Well, in theory.

 The process, handled in Florida by the Legislature, is a once-in-a-decade opportunity to lock down political control of the state.

 Parties in control can spread their power simply by moving lines -- including just enough Republicans or Democrats in a district to keep control of it, not wasting any people on an already-safe district.

 "They can easily determine who wins elections," said Steven Hill, the author of a book on redistricting.

 Another big consideration: How does a lawmaker draw a district that best enables him to keep his job? "There are members who want the district to look the way they want," said Meier. "They want it to be as strong a district for them as they can possibly wrangle out of the leadership."

 That angers good-government advocates. But they say that as long as lawmakers are in charge of drawing their own districts, it's inevitable.

 "The poor people (in the Legislature) just can't help themselves," said Ben Wilcox, the executive director of Common Cause of Florida. "They tend to view the districts as their district rather than the people's district."

 In Florida, Republicans, with a large majority in the Legislature, will control the process. They'll redraw their own lines -- and those for Congress, where Florida will get two new seats because of its population growth.

 In the past, the party in power has used the process to solidify its power.

 And that is what Lois Frankel expects.

 "The lines will be drawn in a way to maximize the number of Republican seats in the Senate and House and the Congress," said Frankel, the leader of House Democrats. "I don't have any great illusions at all. I think our battles will have to be in the court."

 The plan that was put in place in 1992 was altered by the courts.

 But as lawmakers start down a long road to finalizing a plan next year, there's a new wrinkle: Technology.

 Sen. Dan Webster, the Republican in charge of redistricting in the Senate, argues that because of new technology, just about anybody can participate -- and should.

 Redistricting software costs about $3,000 -- which most interest groups can afford. And the Census data will be readily available on compact discs.

 "The process, as far as the openness, is going to be great," said Webster, R-Winter Garden. "We're going to allow people to have the information, take it home, stick it on your PC and start drawing."

 Technically, dividing the state into sections with the same number of people in them is easy. You put the population data into a computer it spits out evenly-populated blocks.

 Hill argues that while politicians may hijack the process, there are reasons to want real people involved.

 "You try to preserve communities of interest," said Hill, who is western regional director for the Center for Voting and Democracy. That's something computers don't do well.

 For example, should a farmer who lives on the edge of the suburbs go into a district with his suburban neighbors who have different concerns, or into a district with the farmers who live in the other direction, so his representative is more likely to have farm concerns?

 Redistricting has also been used to try to prevent minorities from being shut out of the political process, although the courts have begun to frown on that motive.

 The Legislature will hold several public hearings around the state this summer, where interest groups and ordinary citizens can propose how they would draw the districts. Common Cause, for example, will draw a map.

 "In '92, the doors of the reapportionment suite were locked," said Webster, who at the time was in the House. "They had this war-room atmosphere. That's going to be gone."

 "Everyone's going to have access to the technology," acknowledges Frankel. "But we could draw lines until we turn blue. But the way I count, there's no way the Democrats come up with the votes."


Orlando Sentinel Tribune
You Could Help Redraw Election Districts; For the First Time When Population Figures Are Out and Political Districts Begin Reshaping this Month, Any Computer User Can Chip in Proposals 
By Jeff Kunerth
March 19, 2001

Fifty years ago, George Stryker built his house on land he cleared himself, taking down 166 trees. When he tired of cutting trees, he tried hunting a bobcat that lived in the woods that extended from his property to Corrine Drive. Today, the woods are gone, replaced by homes. A car killed the bobcat. Stryker's low, concrete-block home on Rowena Avenue in Orange County now sits in the center of a strange convergence of county, state and congressional boundaries that leaves his Merritt Park neighborhood a political island isolated from the rest of its voting precinct. Merritt Park's Precinct 305A looks as if a chunk of the precinct broke off and floated north into Precinct 512. Same for another piece of Precinct 305 just one block south of the Strykers' house. "It's kind of stupid," said George's wife, Mary Jane Stryker, 75. "Why can't they just consolidate it and have one district?"

Maybe this time they will. The redistricting of Central Florida's political boundaries begins with the release of 2000 census figures for Florida this month. Census population and racial data are used every 10 years to redraw local, state and congressional districts. But one thing is different this time. Anybody with some computer savvy and the right mapping software can propose his own district. Homeowner associations, civil-rights groups, news media and public-interest organizations will be able to download detailed population and racial figures down to the neighborhood level and merge them with a special software system to join the redistricting debate. "There will be many, many people . . . that will be able to have an influence on the redistricting because of the technology," said Linda Stewart, president of County Watch, an Orange County watchdog and lobbying group.

Draw it Yourself

Redistricting always has been about politics, Stewart said, but the new technology opens the playing field to more participants. Some are calling it the "democratization of data" that allows anyone -- not just planners and politicians -- to reconfigure election districts. "The change for this census is the tremendous advancement in the technology to analyze the data," said Orlando City Planner Bruce Hossfield. "It's so much easier." Orange County Assistant Planning Manager Andre Anderson expects the computer-literate public to add dozens of district configurations to those proposed by a redistricting task force formed by the Orange County Commission. "Last time, we had 28 different scenarios. Now we may have a hundred because everybody can do it themselves," Anderson said. After the 1990 census, most redistricting maps were designed by advisory-committee members using paper and pencils, said Stewart, who served on one of those committees.

This time around, she expects more proposals from the public. "You will find a huge amount of lobbying by groups that have an interest in where the lines are drawn," Stewart said. The software isn't cheap -- about $3,500 -- but 10 years ago redistricting software cost $100,000 and needed a high-powered computer system to run it. Today's software can be operated with a laptop computer. "It's affordable, and it's pervasive," said George Meier, a Tallahassee-based redistricting consultant. "Last time, it was not affordable for even some small special-interest groups, and you had to be in Tallahassee to use this stuff." Politicians, and citizens, will be able to overlay local, state and congressional boundaries to identify those isolated enclaves such as Merritt Park -- something that has not been done in the past. "We have places in our county where districts weave in and out of each other. On one side of the block you have a county commission line and on the other side a legislative line. Nobody uses the same line," said Beverly Willis, mapmaker with the Orange County Supervisor of Elections.

Uneven Districts

Dozens of such precincts exist in Orange County -- some with just handfuls of voters. Only eight voters, for example, live in Apopka's Precinct 225C, which sticks up from the rest of the precinct like a lump on the head. Those eight people live in the 3rd Congressional District of U.S. Rep. Corrine Brown, a Democrat. But their Precinct 225 neighbors on the south side of Main Street live in Republican John Mica's 7th Congressional district. Precinct 225C residents vote in State Senate District 12, but the rest of Precinct 225 belongs to State Senate District 14. Precinct 225C exists, Beverly Willis said, because Florida lawmakers did not use common boundaries when creating the congressional and state legislative districts. "They never put all the districts together to see what they have done. Maybe they will this time," she said.

The Florida Legislature won't be redrawing state and congressional-district boundaries until 2002, but cities and counties have started the process of readjusting local election districts. Orange County has created a task force to hold public forums on redistricting before the County Commission redraws the boundaries in October. Uneven population growth during the 1990s has resulted in lopsided representation among county commissioners. Commissioner Homer Hartage, for example, has 43,000 voters in District 6, but Teresa Jacobs' District 1 in southwestern Orange County has ballooned to 86,000 voters. The task force will use the 2000 census figures not only to redistribute the population into roughly equal population sizes but also to preserve Hartage's predominantly black-minority district created after the 1990 census.

In Orlando, the advisory committee to redraw council districts will be trying to shift populations without splitting neighborhoods between city council seats. The 2000 census, in fact, may help reunite the Colonialtown neighborhood divided in half during the redistricting that followed the 1990 census. "District 4 will need to add population because of the closure of the Naval Training Center, and this might be the opportunity to correct that," Hossfield said. Census figures on racial and Hispanic origin will come into play when trying to maintain the city's two predominantly black- and one Hispanic-majority districts.

A Picture of Change

The 2000 census figures will give Central Florida its first detailed picture of just how dramatically the region -- its cities, towns and suburbs -- has changed during the past 10 years. "Population growth concerns everybody who has been here awhile," said Mark Laliberte, 37, who moved to Orlando at the age of 5 from Massachusetts. Laliberte said Orlando's growth in the '90s has been good for his office-furnishings business, but the city's sprawl and traffic congestion threaten the area's quality of life. "I just hope it doesn't become another Miami," Laliberte said. The March census data will also give Florida its first finely detailed picture of the state's racial diversity. For the first time, residents answering the 2000 census questionnaire were able to identify themselves as more than one race -- increasing the number of racial classifications to 63 from five in 1990. Nationwide, 2.4 percent of the population identified itself on the 2000 census as being two or more races. The multiracial segment of Florida's population is expected to be even higher.

In addition to redistricting, the March census figures are also used by transportation agencies, regional planning organizations and demographers. "For us, people represent trips. We convert those people trips into automobiles and buses and trucks and taxis," said Dennis Hooker, Metroplan Orlando's manager of technical services. Other census data, released later this year, will tell planners how many residents came from Puerto Rico, Vietnam, Haiti, Mexico and Jamaica. It will also provide them with information on age, sex, marital status, family size, household income, language spoken at home and workplace commuting. That information becomes useful in planning schools, roads and highway expansion, programs for the elderly and children, and community redevelopment. "We use just about every bit of information that the census provides when it comes available," Hooker said. "Racial and income data helps us identify transportation needs and under-served areas. Without the census data, it's virtually impossible to do."

What George Stryker understands about the census is that numbers mean power. A retired survey-company owner and neighborhood activist, Stryker knows dividing the Merritt Park area between two County Commission districts and two state legislators dilutes the political influence of his neighborhood. "Politicians protect themselves by gerrymandering. It keeps the people divided," said Stryker, 76. "When they split the vote, people lose their voice."



Associated Press
About 200,000 Persons Not Counted by Census in Florida
By Ron Word
March 11, 2001

Tony Lorenzo was disappointed that a 2000 census form never showed up in his mailbox. He never received a follow-up visit from census workers who went door to door in Miami and other Florida cities attempting to find people who hadn't mailed in their forms. Lorenzo is one of about 200,000 Floridian who somehow didn't get counted by the census. The exact figure is not known because the U.S. Census Bureau has not released a state-by-state breakdown of its estimated undercount. ``I heard all the commercials about the census and I was pretty excited to fill one out. But honestly, I just didn't get one,'' said Lorenzo, a 26-year-old single, self-employed real estate agent. ``I would have filled it out because it is important to know how many people there are. It would have helped out our community in receiving funds,'' said Lorenzo, a Cuban-American.

While census totals are used to determine congressional and legislative districts, they also are used to distribute more than $185 billion in federal funds for programs such as housing, health care and job training. In the 1990 census, each person represented about $815 for the states. Using that figure, an undercount of 200,000 could cost Florida about $163 million in federal funds. The Census Bureau is estimating it missed about 1.2 percent of the population, or about 3.4 million Americans, in its 2000 count. That compared with the 1.6 percent undercount in the 1990 census when an estimated 4 million Americans were not counted. Ten years ago, Florida's undercount of 2 percent, or 259,829 people, was the fourth highest in the nation.

The census also missed more than one-fourth of the infant population in 1990. That year, Florida was ranked third worst in the proportion of infants not counted, according to the U.S. Census Monitoring Board, a bipartisan organization that reports twice a year to the Congress. The monitoring board estimates that census counters missed 50,299 infants in its count. June Nogle, a demographer with the University of Florida's Bureau of Economic and Business Research, said babies are typically undercounted because people don't know how to fill out forms for infants under a year old. As a result of a decision Tuesday by Commerce Secretary Don Evans, the census figures will not be adjusted to account for the undercount. ``We have achieved a quality count,'' Evans said. U.S. Rep. Dan Miller, R-Fla., who is chairman of the House Government Reform Committee's census panel, agreed. ``The professionals at the Census Bureau have now concluded you can't make a great census any better by using adjustment,'' he said. Democrats and civil rights groups wanted an adjustment using statistical sampling to protect against traditional undercounts of minorities, the poor and children.

Republicans generally argued adjustment could inject more errors into a 2000 census already proven to be more nearly accurate than the 1990 count. They also contend the Constitution calls only for an ``actual enumeration.'' Members of both parties have said district lines redrawn with adjusted data could add more Democratic-leaning minorities to voter rolls, and could threaten the GOP's narrow House majority. Nogle agrees with the use of the head count for congressional redistricting. ``That, to me, makes a lot of sense. It looks like they did a good job,'' Nogle said.



PRNewswire
Study Shows Minorities in Dade County Lost Political Representation When Corrected Census Data Was Not Released
January 19, 2001

A study released today by the Presidential Members of the U.S. Census Monitoring Board found that minorities in Dade County lost voter representation in two legislative districts in when corrected census data was not released from the 1990 census. The study can be viewed at http://www.cmbp.gov. The study, conducted by Dr. Allan Lichtman, one of the nation's preeminent election experts, analyzed the ten states with the largest undercount in the 1990 census to find if the use of corrected census data would have affected the opportunities for minority voters to fully participate in the political process and elect officials of their choice.

Given the history of the undercount, the study could indicate a significant loss in minority voter representation if adjusted census data is not released in 2001. "The implications of these findings speak directly to the future voting opportunities for minorities in Miami Dade County. Without the most accurate picture of the state and county, equal representation is much harder to achieve," said Gilbert F. Casellas, Presidential Co-Chair of the Monitoring Board. "Miami Dade is among the most affected areas because of the tremendous undercounting of minorities," said Lichtman. "The corrected data uncovers some 74,000 persons, 93 percent of whom are members of minority groups." Lichtman said the use of corrected data would have enhanced minority voter opportunities by increasing the baseline of majority-minority districts against which the next redistricting plan will be measured. The U.S. Census Monitoring Board, established by Congress in 1997, is a bipartisan board that monitors the Census Bureau's conduct of the 2000 Census. Its findings are reported every six months to Congress.

For more information on the Board, visit: http://www.cmbp.gov
CONTACT: John Chambers of the U.S. Census Monitoring Board, 301-713-6672



Bradenton Herald
Census Bureau Awards Lucky Florida Two More House Seats, Electoral Votes
By Nick Mason
December 29, 2000

Florida was among four big winners in political power and potential financial rewards for the coming decade when the U.S. Census Bureau announced Thursday the first batch of numbers from this year's national head count. Florida, Georgia, Texas and Arizona each gained two seats in the 435-member U.S. House of Representatives, effective January 2003 based on population growth from 1990 to 2000. The Florida delegation will climb from 23 House members now to 25. "It's very significant," U.S. Rep. Dan Miller, R-Bradenton, chairman of the House census subcommittee, said of Florida's numbers. "As they say, the census is about power and money for 10 years." "It was a pleasant surprise and a little unexpected to gain two congressional seats; most thought it would be only one," Miller said. "The more House members you have, the more influence you have on all the committees, so you can use your clout to make sure Florida gets its fair share."

The national population climbed 13.2 percent during the decade to 281,421,906 people and continued the gradual shift from the Northeast and Midwest to the South and West. Florida's population jumped by more than 3 million during the decade to nearly 16 million residents as of April 1, a 23.5 percent increase from 1990. The 2000 population inched above the 16-million mark when military and federal civilian employees and their families living abroad were added to the mix for determining the number of House seats. State-by-state population and House seat numbers were released by Census Bureau Director Kenneth Prewitt and his two bosses in Washington, D.C. The big political losers were New York and Pennsylvania, each losing two House seats. On the population side, California remains the largest, but Texas passed New York for second place. Florida remains fourth, trailing New York by nearly 3 million people and ahead of fifth-place Illinois by more than 3.5 million people. Florida ranked third in raw population increase during the decade, trailing only California and Texas, and ranked seventh in percentage of population increase. Those two rankings mean Florida will qualify for more of the roughly $200 billion of federal aid per year distributed to states based on census data to pay for education, health care, day care, highway construction, housing and other social welfare programs.

Scott McPherson, director of Sunshine Count 2000 under Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, was thrilled with the Florida total and said the results appeared to reflect success in state efforts to get better counts of blacks, Hispanics, Haitians and Native Americans. "Florida's numbers exceed all but our most optimistic projections," McPherson said. "To say we are pleased is to understate the mood in our offices." McPherson was criticized by some California officials for waiting until spring to launch the Florida census campaign. He gloated Thursday that Florida spent $1.6 million " far less than California " and got two new House seats while California got only one new seat. "We took some criticism of doing too little, too late, but now we feel completely vindicated," McPherson said. "We think the numbers bear out that we did the right things at the right times. We think we brought home the bacon."

Florida Senate President John McKay, R-Bradenton, summed up the numbers this way: "It's good for Florida. We will have more representation in Congress." Florida House Speaker Tom Feeney, R-Oviedo, focused on extra federal money likely to come here. "After my initial review of these numbers, the results seem to reflect the substantial population growth in Florida that we have all witnessed, and should help to ensure that the individuals of Florida receive their fair share of funding for education, health care, transportation, housing and other pressing needs." Population numbers by county, city, race, ethnic background and age will be released starting in March. More census results will be released later next year. "That will give us a better understanding of how the population is distributed across the state and will help us determine if there was an under-count and, if so, by how much," McPherson said. "We really won't know until we see those March numbers." Other agencies have cited population growth patterns in Florida during the past decade that indicate the two new House seats will be based in the Orlando and south Florida areas.

The Florida Legislature in the next 16 months will redraw political districts boundaries to make room for 25 U.S. House seats, as well as realign the 120 state House and 40 state Senate districts to be used during 2002 election campaigns. Miller, who next week starts his final two-year term representing all of Manatee and Sarasota counties and parts of Hillsborough and Charlotte counties, said he hopes at least all of Manatee County, if not all of Manatee and Sarasota counties, are kept in one congressional district for the next decade. "It would be ideal to keep both together because we share so much in common with Sarasota County. I think they can both be kept together," Miller said. "With John McKay as president of the (state) Senate, hopefully we will do very well. He is critical in making sure that can be done." McKay later said it's too soon to tell whether Manatee and Sarasota counties will remain in a single congressional district. Districts must be crafted to be relatively equal in population and not discriminate against special interest groups, such as racial or ethnic minorities, or risk being tossed out in court. "While Dan's goal is an admirable one, that may or may not be possible," McKay said. "That would be very nice, if at all possible." McKay tried to squelch a rumor that the Republican legislature will intentionally craft a congressional district favorable to Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris, a Republican from Sarasota, to make a run in 2002. "Absolutely not," McKay said. "You can take it to the bank."

The reapportionment process officially begins today with assignment of chairmen and members to a Senate committee and two subcommittees, one to work on the congressional districts and the other to prepare legislative districts, McKay said. Committee staff have started using computers to draw maps of possible political districts boundaries. "Nothing official has occurred," McKay said. The census began early this year when forms were mailed to about 120 million households throughout America. Two of every three people receiving mailed forms completed them and returned them to the census bureau by mid-April. Census workers later knocked on doors or made telephone calls to get census data from people who did not mail back the form.

 



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