By Neal R. Peirce
Published September 16th 2002 in Seattle Times
What's wrong with politics in America?
What explains our abysmal voter turnouts -- down, according to one international study, to 138th in the world, sandwiched between Botswana and Chad?
Why are vast segments of the country political wastelands for one party or the other? Why are so many million voters "orphaned" in states where the candidates they prefer are likely never to win?
And if the majority's supposed to rule, how come such huge amounts of campaign advertising get thrown at small contingents of swing voters -- the very people who're typically the least informed, or alternatively the most zealous on a narrow issue, like Miami Cubans?
Political analyst Steven Hill offers up a single answer in his new book, Fixing Elections (Routledge publishers). It's the winner-take-all system of elections -- letting the highest vote getter earn the office and the power, with almost zero regard for minority votes or interests.
The Constitution's Framers, Hill notes, were an inventive and innovative bunch. For them, winner-take-all -- indeed any mildly democratic method -- was advanced for its time. But, Hill reminds us, the framers were dealing with "a small electorate of perhaps 200,000 propertied white males that excluded the poor, women, African slaves, and indentured servants from voting."
A system sufficient in 1789 is dangerously outmoded, he suggests, in today's world of multiple ethnicities and races, sharply divergent belief systems, global ties and free trading mass society.
We can and should invent more sensitive electoral systems, Hill asserts. He points to Illinois' interesting experience, from 1870 to 1980, with three-seat state House districts. The system was chosen to pull a heavily divided state together after the Civil War. Voters could cast all their three votes for one candidate, or distribute them as they chose.
Result: any candidate who got over 25 percent was likely to win. Overwhelmingly Democratic Chicago districts usually elected two Democrats and one Republican, downstate districts two Republicans and one Democrat. There were few "orphaned voters." Legislative partisanship wasn't acute because both parties represented the entire state. More mavericks, willing to buck their party's leadership, got elected. Bipartisan coalitions were commonplace.
Today's state legislative leaders, accustomed to using the cudgel of campaign cash to dictate issues and members' voting, would likely fight cumulative voting. But last year in Illinois a bipartisan, blue-ribbon commissioned, headed by former Republican Gov. Jim Edgar and Abner Mikva, a former federal judge and former Democratic U.S. Representative, warmly endorsed return to the former system. The three-member districts, noted Mikva, "helped us synthesize some of our differences, made us realize we had a lot in common as a single state."
Combining U.S. House districts in similar fashion, writes Hill, could reduce partisanship, give people of all persuasions a motivation to vote, and give America's fast growing minorities -- especially Hispanics and Asians -- a much better chance at winning office.
Winner-take-all could also be curbed in presidential elections, avoiding a Florida-like 2000 debacle, by apportioning each state's votes to reflect the full popular vote. Or by going to direct national election of the president, using an alternative "instant runoff" method that lets voters rank candidates by their order of preference -- meaning there's less chance the candidacy of a splinter contender (like Ralph Nader in 2000) could draw enough votes to flip the final outcome.
It's desperately important, writes Hill, that we start experimenting freely with election laws -- to encourage political participation across all regions and groups, to reinvigorate our imperiled democracy. The Founding Fathers tinkered and experimented -- and would expect us to. In science, business, other realms, we Americans have created one of the most inventive societies on earth. Our federal system ought to be tailor-made for experimentation.
But we're so cocky. We view our political system, writes Hill, "as the Copernican center, the jewel of democracy." Yet in fact, other societies recently adopting democratic institutions, from states of the former Soviet bloc to South Africa, have declined to go for winner-take-all voting and rejected archaic methods like our Electoral College. New Zealand recently junked winner-take-all after 150 years.
Maybe change at the state and local level can come first. In essence, Hill notes, single seat districts assure geographic representation based on where you live, while proportional methods provide representation of how you think.
Couldn't the two systems be complementary? Couldn't a single state elect at least one house of its legislature by three-member districts as Illinois did, while letting winner-take-all live on in the other?
Or couldn't communities follow San Francisco's recent adoption of instant runoffs? (Statewide instant runoffs for Alaska lost last month, but supporters intend to keep pushing.)
The moral's simple: the American republic never needed so desperately to experiment. It's time we got on with it.
What explains our abysmal voter turnouts -- down, according to one international study, to 138th in the world, sandwiched between Botswana and Chad?
Why are vast segments of the country political wastelands for one party or the other? Why are so many million voters "orphaned" in states where the candidates they prefer are likely never to win?
And if the majority's supposed to rule, how come such huge amounts of campaign advertising get thrown at small contingents of swing voters -- the very people who're typically the least informed, or alternatively the most zealous on a narrow issue, like Miami Cubans?
Political analyst Steven Hill offers up a single answer in his new book, Fixing Elections (Routledge publishers). It's the winner-take-all system of elections -- letting the highest vote getter earn the office and the power, with almost zero regard for minority votes or interests.
The Constitution's Framers, Hill notes, were an inventive and innovative bunch. For them, winner-take-all -- indeed any mildly democratic method -- was advanced for its time. But, Hill reminds us, the framers were dealing with "a small electorate of perhaps 200,000 propertied white males that excluded the poor, women, African slaves, and indentured servants from voting."
A system sufficient in 1789 is dangerously outmoded, he suggests, in today's world of multiple ethnicities and races, sharply divergent belief systems, global ties and free trading mass society.
We can and should invent more sensitive electoral systems, Hill asserts. He points to Illinois' interesting experience, from 1870 to 1980, with three-seat state House districts. The system was chosen to pull a heavily divided state together after the Civil War. Voters could cast all their three votes for one candidate, or distribute them as they chose.
Result: any candidate who got over 25 percent was likely to win. Overwhelmingly Democratic Chicago districts usually elected two Democrats and one Republican, downstate districts two Republicans and one Democrat. There were few "orphaned voters." Legislative partisanship wasn't acute because both parties represented the entire state. More mavericks, willing to buck their party's leadership, got elected. Bipartisan coalitions were commonplace.
Today's state legislative leaders, accustomed to using the cudgel of campaign cash to dictate issues and members' voting, would likely fight cumulative voting. But last year in Illinois a bipartisan, blue-ribbon commissioned, headed by former Republican Gov. Jim Edgar and Abner Mikva, a former federal judge and former Democratic U.S. Representative, warmly endorsed return to the former system. The three-member districts, noted Mikva, "helped us synthesize some of our differences, made us realize we had a lot in common as a single state."
Combining U.S. House districts in similar fashion, writes Hill, could reduce partisanship, give people of all persuasions a motivation to vote, and give America's fast growing minorities -- especially Hispanics and Asians -- a much better chance at winning office.
Winner-take-all could also be curbed in presidential elections, avoiding a Florida-like 2000 debacle, by apportioning each state's votes to reflect the full popular vote. Or by going to direct national election of the president, using an alternative "instant runoff" method that lets voters rank candidates by their order of preference -- meaning there's less chance the candidacy of a splinter contender (like Ralph Nader in 2000) could draw enough votes to flip the final outcome.
It's desperately important, writes Hill, that we start experimenting freely with election laws -- to encourage political participation across all regions and groups, to reinvigorate our imperiled democracy. The Founding Fathers tinkered and experimented -- and would expect us to. In science, business, other realms, we Americans have created one of the most inventive societies on earth. Our federal system ought to be tailor-made for experimentation.
But we're so cocky. We view our political system, writes Hill, "as the Copernican center, the jewel of democracy." Yet in fact, other societies recently adopting democratic institutions, from states of the former Soviet bloc to South Africa, have declined to go for winner-take-all voting and rejected archaic methods like our Electoral College. New Zealand recently junked winner-take-all after 150 years.
Maybe change at the state and local level can come first. In essence, Hill notes, single seat districts assure geographic representation based on where you live, while proportional methods provide representation of how you think.
Couldn't the two systems be complementary? Couldn't a single state elect at least one house of its legislature by three-member districts as Illinois did, while letting winner-take-all live on in the other?
Or couldn't communities follow San Francisco's recent adoption of instant runoffs? (Statewide instant runoffs for Alaska lost last month, but supporters intend to keep pushing.)
The moral's simple: the American republic never needed so desperately to experiment. It's time we got on with it.
Election Day '09 was a roller-coaster for election reformers. Instant runoff voting had a great night in Minnesota, where St. Paul voters chose to implement IRV for its city elections, and Minneapolis voters used IRV for the first time—with local media touting it as a big success. As the Star-Tribune noted in endorsing IRV for St. Paul, Tuesday’s elections give the Twin Cities a chance to show the whole state of Minnesota the benefits of adopting IRV. There were disappointments in Lowell and Pierce County too, but high-profile multi-candidate races in New Jersey and New York keep policymakers focused on ways to reform elections; the Baltimore Sun and Miami Herald were among many newspapers publishing commentary from FairVote board member and former presidential candidate John Anderson on how IRV can mitigate the problems of plurality elections.